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standard
The fabrication and installation of pressure pipes are strictly regulated by the ASME "B31" code series, such as b31.1 or B31.3, which are based on the ASME Boiler and pressure vessel code (BPVC). The code has legal effect in Canada and the United States. Europe and the rest of the world have the same code system. A pressure pipe is usually a pipe that has to withstand more than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although the definitions vary. In order to ensure the operation of the system, the manufacturing, storage, welding and testing of pressure pipes must meet strict quality standards.
The manufacturing standard of pipes usually requires chemical composition test and a series of mechanical strength tests for the heat of each pipe. The heat of the pipe is all forged from the same ingot, so it has the same chemical composition. The mechanical test may be related to many pipes, which come from the same heat and have undergone the same heat treatment process. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in the factory traceability report, and reports the mechanical tests in the material test report, both of which are referenced by the acronym MTR. Materials with these relevant test reports are called traceable. For critical applications, third-party verification of these tests may be required; In this case, the independent laboratory will generate a certified material test report (CmtR), which will be called certification.
Some widely used pipe standards or pipe classes are:
The API range - now ISO 3183. For example: API 5L grade B - now ISO L245, where the number indicates the yield strength in MPa
ASME sa106 grade B (seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service)
ASTM A312 (seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe)
ASTM C76 (concrete pipe)
ASTM d3033 / 3034 (PVC pipe)
ASTM d2239 (polyethylene pipe)
ISO 14692 (petroleum and natural gas industries - glass fiber reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes. Qualification and manufacturing)
ASTM A36 (carbon steel pipe for structure or low pressure)
ASTM a795 (steel pipe specially used for fire water spray piping system)
API 5L was changed to the 43rd and 44th editions in the second half of 2008, making it the same as ISO 3183. It is worth noting that this change has resulted in acid service, and the ERW pipeline has been tested according to NACE tm0284 (requirements for hydrogen induced cracking (HIC)) for acid service.
ACPA [American Concrete Pipe Association]
AWWA [American Hydraulic Association]
AWWA M45
install
Main article: pipeline installation
Pipeline installation is usually more expensive than materials, and various special tools, technologies and components have been developed to assist in this situation. Pipes are usually delivered to customers or construction sites as "sticks" or pipe lengths (usually 20 feet, referred to as individual random lengths), or prefabricated into prefabricated pipe spools with elbows, tees, and valves [pipe spools are a piece of preassembled pipe and fittings that are usually prepared in stores for more efficient installation at the construction site.] Generally, pipes smaller than 2.0 inches are not prefabricated. The pipeline shaft is usually marked with bar code and the end is protected with a cover (plastic). Pipes and pipe spools are transported to warehouses for large commercial / industrial work, and they can be kept indoors or in grid laying sites. Take out the pipe or pipe spool, grade, assemble, and then lift it into place. In large-scale process operations, elevators are carried out using cranes and cranes and other material elevators. They are usually temporarily supported in the steel structure using beam clamps, straps and small cranes until the pipe supports are attached or otherwise secured.
An example of a tool for installing a small pipe (threaded end) is a pipe wrench. Small pipes are usually not heavy and can be lifted into place by installation workers. However, during plant shutdown or shutdown, small (small) pipes can also be prefabricated to speed up installation during power outage. After installation of the pipes, they will be leak tested. Before testing, it may be necessary to clean by blowing air or steam or flushing with liquid.